The phrase "IQ test" carries more cultural weight than it probably deserves. Popular imagination treats it as a single number summarizing a person's cognitive worth — a tidy verdict on the mind. The reality is messier and more interesting.
The statistical foundation was laid by Charles Spearman in 1904. He noticed that people who did well on one mental task tended to do well on others, even when the tasks seemed unrelated. He proposed a general factor, g, that contributes across cognitive domains. A century of research has refined this picture without overturning it.
What these tests do well
Well-constructed assessments predict a narrow but real set of outcomes: academic achievement, performance in cognitively demanding work, and the speed at which novel material is learned.
What they don't measure
Creativity, wisdom, emotional intelligence, conscientiousness, ethical judgment, motivation — none of these are captured by a pattern-recognition test. A score is one slice of one dimension of one kind of capability.
Intelligence is what the tests test. This is not a tautology if we recognize that the tests measure something useful — but only something.
— Edwin Boring, Harvard, 1923